Module 1:Glossary

i. Dominant language: language used for communication in the public domain (media, government, educational institutions) (de Jong, 2011, p.259).

ii. Immigrants: people or individuals who have migrated voluntarily to another country, generally for permanent residence (Grant & Ladson-Billings, 1997).

iii. Intergenerational language transmission: language acquisition context where children acquire their native language from their parents (de Jong, 2011, p.256).

iv. Language death: “a process that occurs in unstable bilingual or multilingual speech communities as a result of language shift form regressive minority language to dominant majority language”. The final result of this process is when no one speaks the language any more (Nawaz et al., 2012, p. 73).

v. Language recovery: the process of providing native language and culture instruction to students who have lost their native language a through assimilation to English and American culture (Lemberger, 1997, p. 176).

vi. Language shift: the replacement of one language by another as the primary means of communication and socialization within a community (Mesthrie, Swann, Deumert, & Leap, 2001, p. 253).

vii. Minority language: language used by language groups who are politically and socially placed in a minority situation (de Jong, 2011, p.257).

viii. Monolingual: people who are able to speak or understand only one language (Grant & Ladson-Billings, 1997).

ix. Native language: the language (or languages) a child grows up speaking (de Jong, 2011, p.258).

x. Three generation process of linguist shift: process where a linguistic shift occurs three generations. Speakers discontinue the use of their native language across generations. The shift completes when most of the third generation are monolingual speakers (Baker, 2006, p. 61; Fishman in as cited in Portes & Hao, 1998, p.269).